• br Family A Receptors as

  2022-05-27

  

  Family A Receptors as Promiscuous Sensors for Peptone and Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) In addition to the family C 7TM receptors, several family A 7TM receptors are promiscuous in their ligand preferences, and several respond to organic nutrients from food, notably protein degradation products and FFA

• The ER is responsible for calcium storage lipid

  2022-05-27

  

  The ER is responsible for calcium storage, lipid and protein biosynthesis, and the folding, assembly, and maturation of proteins [23], and ER stress is one of the main causes in T2DM, which leads to β-cell apoptosis and dysfunction [[5], [6], [7]]. In this study, TG was used as an ER stress inducer.

• GLP is an intestinal peptide hormone that

  2022-05-26

  

  GLP-1 is an intestinal peptide hormone that is released by the gut following ingestion of food, particularly TCEP mg and fats. Following its release, GLP-1 stimulates pancreatic β-cells to secrete insulin (Hirasawa et al., 2005, Covington et al., 2006). Originally, GLP-1 acted in a similar manner to

• Sulindac sulfide Acute in vivo experiments were performed in

  2022-05-26

  

  Acute in vivo experiments were performed in normoglycemic 129SVE mice to confirm GPR119 activation and corresponding Sulindac sulfide control. GIP release was utilized as a biomarker for target receptor engagement and plasma GIP levels were measured 45min after oral dosing (). Both 3 and 10mg/kg pr

• GPR is present primarily in the pancreas and the intestine

  2022-05-26

  

  GPR119 is present primarily in the pancreas and the intestine. Activation of GPR119 increases insulin, GLP-1, GIP and PYY secretion. GPR119 agonists stimulate insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner. The glucose dependent insulin secretion (GIDS) mechanism makes GPR119 an attractive target for

• Introduction l Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmit

  2022-05-26

  

  Introduction l-Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) that contributes not only to fast synaptic neurotransmission, but also to complex physiological processes like memory, learning, plasticity, and neuronal cell death [30], [81]. Glutamate is

• AdipoRon Glucose uptake a critical metabolic control point i

  2022-05-26

  

  Glucose uptake, a critical metabolic control point in glycolysis, is mediated by the GLUT (SLC2) family of integral membrane transporters (Mueckler and Thorens, 2013). GLUT1 (SLC2A1), one of the most well-studied members of the SLC2 family, exhibits a wide tissue distribution; cell surface expressio

• Introduction As per WHO report in more than million peoples

  2022-05-26

  

  Introduction As per WHO report, in 2014 more than 422 million peoples were living with diabetes and according to International Diabetes Federation, by 2045 this figure would reach 693 million [1,2]. Diabetes, a fast growing major health problem, is common chronic, metabolic disease characterized by

• We report on four affected children from two unrelated

  2022-05-26

  

  We report on four affected children from two unrelated consanguineous NG,NG-dimethyl-L-Arginine hydrochloride with moderate to severe ID associated with epilepsy and variable neuropsychiatric features. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified homozygous missense variants in SLC45A1 (OMIM: 605763)

• For another the N terminal sequence of

  2022-05-26

  

  For another, the N-terminal sequence of native glucagon is highly conserved, and positions 8, 9, 16 and 18 are noteworthy in maintaining glucagon activity [18], [20], [21]. It also achieves a degree of selectivity from its C-terminal residues, and a significant contribution is made by the C-terminal

• br Ghrelin interactions with the opioid system The

  2022-05-26

  

  Ghrelin interactions with the opioid system The endogenous opioid system is an important regulator of appetite and metabolism (Bodnar, 2017, Nogueiras et al., 2012). In fact, several pharmacological studies have demonstrated that agonists of the three opioid receptors (mu, kappa, and delta) incre

• Glucocorticoid is a major regulator of

  2022-05-26

  

  Glucocorticoid is a major regulator of body's response to stress (Armario, 2006). Repeated injections of the glucocorticoid corticosterone (CORT) in mice have been shown to produce an animal model of depression (Zhao et al., 2008). Further study of this phenomenon suggested that prolonged CORT expos

• Inflammatory pain is very common in the clinic

  2022-05-26

  

  Inflammatory pain is very common in the clinic. A study demonstrated that galanin was upregulated after nerve injury or inflammation (Ma and Bisby, 1997). It has been reported that galanin plays an important role in the transmission of nociceptive information in the spinal cord of rats with inflamma

• Bile acids BAs are critical for facilitating the absorption

  2022-05-26

  

  Bile acids (BAs) are critical for facilitating the proton pump inhibitors of dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins in the intestines [6], [7]. At physiological levels, BAs function as signaling molecules and activate specific nuclear receptors [farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor, an

• FPR activation stimulates multiple signal transduction pathw

  2022-05-26

  

  FPR1 activation stimulates multiple signal transduction pathways responsible for various neutrophil functions, such as adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, lipid metabolism pathway of secretory granules, and superoxide anion radical (O2) production, which contribute to the physiological inflammatory

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