In mortality YLD and all datasets only aggregated data

In 2004 mortality, 2005 YLD and all 2013 datasets, only aggregated data was available for diarrhoea and enteric infectious disease and lower respiratory tract infections. For Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Shigellosis, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, influenza and pneumonia, proportional estimates were compiled using disaggregated data from the 2010 dataset.
Results The analysis for 1997–2013 analysis included funding of £3.7 billion across 7398 awards (Table 1). Mean funding for all infectious diseases was £219.1 million per year (435 awards annually). Mean funding per award was £503,524 (SD £1,412,776) with median funding per award of £192,143 (IQR £63,189–418,015). Table 1 shows comparisons of funding for specific infection and disease area in 1997–2013 and specifically the addition of 2011–2013 data. Total and proportional funding for antimicrobial resistance (5.8% of all infection research), healthcare-associated infections (4.71%), and viral hepatology (5.1%) increased in 2011–13 compared with 1997–2010. Relative funding for sepsis (0.24% of all infection research), sexually-transmitted (1.86%) and neurological infections (0.46%) declined in 2011–2013 compared with 1997–2010. An observed 36.2% of the total investment was directly related to global health. There was no public or philanthropic research investment for Ebola or other haemorrhagic fevers in 2011–2013. There were large increases in funding for new products, specifically diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines. There is volatility in annual research funding though an overall increase between 1997 and 2013 (Fig. 1a). The Wellcome Trust is the largest investor in research, having funded 2285 studies (30.9%) totalling £935.0 million (25.1%), followed by the Medical Research Council (£924.9 million, 24.8%). The European Commission funded 12.9% of total investment across 1997–2013, and this Cy3 hydrazide increased to 21.6% specifically across 2011–2013, ahead of the Wellcome Trust (20.9%) and slightly behind the MRC (21.9%) (Supplementary 1). Alongside these three funders, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR, main funding stream of the UK Department of Health), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation combined contributed 84.1% of the overall investment. The remainder was provided by institutions such as the US National Institutes for Health (NIH), UK government departments, UK research councils, other research charities and professional bodies and societies. The proportion of funding awarded by the type of science (supplementary 2, Fig. 1b) show a gradual increase in investment for public health research with slight decline for pre-clinical science. Pre-clinical science overall receives the greatest investment of £2.2 billion (59.4%), followed by public health research (£954.6 million; 25.9%), with relatively little public or philanthropic investment for phase I–III trials (£207.3 million; 5.6%) or product development studies (£234.7 million, 6.3%). Cross-disciplinary research accounted for a small number of awards (0.7% overall, 4.0% in 2011–2013), but a greater proportion of the funding (£105.4 million; 2.8% overall, 11.5% in 2011–2013) and these studies were often consortia-led or programme grants. Across three time points (2005, 2010, 2013), YLDs for infectious diseases broadly declined (Table 2, Fig. 2). The median ‘investment by YLD observed’ metric was highest in 2013 (£6.01 compared with £3.56 overall). Acute hepatitis C and trypanosomiasis consistently received the greatest relative investment respectively (Table 2). Investment by YLD observed for influenza greatly increased in 2013 (£68.69, compared with £10.93 in 2010, after the 2009 pandemic). Infections such as shigellosis, cholera, syphilis and gonorrhoea were typically amongst those receiving the lowest relative investment (less than £1.00 per YLD observed).